RESUMO
IL-36, which belongs to the IL-1 superfamily, is increasingly linked to neutrophilic inflammation. Here, we combined in vivo and in vitro approaches using primary mouse and human cells, as well as, acute and chronic mouse models of lung inflammation to provide mechanistic insight into the intercellular signaling pathways and mechanisms through which IL-36 promotes lung inflammation. IL-36 receptor deficient mice exposed to cigarette smoke or cigarette smoke and H1N1 influenza virus had attenuated lung inflammation compared with wild-type controls. We identified neutrophils as a source of IL-36 and show that IL-36 is a key upstream amplifier of lung inflammation by promoting activation of neutrophils, macrophages and fibroblasts through cooperation with GM-CSF and the viral mimic poly(I:C). Our data implicate IL-36, independent of other IL-1 family members, as a key upstream amplifier of neutrophilic lung inflammation, providing a rationale for targeting IL-36 to improve treatment of a variety of neutrophilic lung diseases.
Assuntos
Interleucina-1/metabolismo , Pulmão/metabolismo , Ativação de Neutrófilo , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/metabolismo , Pneumonia Viral/metabolismo , Receptores de Interleucina-1/metabolismo , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Fumar Cigarros , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Fibroblastos/imunologia , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/patogenicidade , Interleucina-1/genética , Pulmão/imunologia , Pulmão/virologia , Ativação de Macrófagos , Macrófagos Alveolares/imunologia , Macrófagos Alveolares/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Neutrófilos/virologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/genética , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/imunologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Pneumonia Viral/genética , Pneumonia Viral/imunologia , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Receptores de Interleucina-1/genética , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Smoking is an important risk factor for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and viral infections are believed to be major triggers of exacerbations, which periodically lead to a worsening of symptoms. The pro-inflammatory IL-1 family members IL-1α and IL-1ß are increased in COPD patients and might contribute to disease pathology. We investigated whether individual or combined inhibition of these cytokines reduced lung inflammation in cigarette smoke (CS)-exposed and H1N1-infected BALB/c mice. Animals were treated with individual or combined antibodies (Abs) directed against IL-1α, IL-1ß or IL-1R1. Cells in BAL fluid and cytokines/chemokines in lung homogenate were determined. The viral load was investigated. Blocking IL-1α had significant suppressive effects on total cells, neutrophils, and macrophages. Furthermore, it reduced KC levels significantly. Blocking of IL-1ß did not provide significant activity. In primary human bronchial epithelial air-liquid-interface cell cultures infected with H1N1, IL-1α Abs but not IL-1ß Abs reduced levels of TNF-α and IL-6. Concomitant usage of Abs against IL-1α/IL-1ß revealed strong effects in vivo and reduced total cells, neutrophils and macrophages. Additionally, levels of KC, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, MIP-1α and MIP-1ß were significantly reduced and ICAM-1 and MUC5 A/C mRNA expression was attenuated. The viral load decreased significantly upon combined IL-1α/IL-1ß Ab treatment. Blocking the IL-1R1 provided significant effects on total cells, neutrophils and macrophages but was inferior compared to inhibiting both its soluble ligands IL-1α/IL-1ß. Our results suggest that combined inhibition of IL-1α/IL-1ß might be beneficial to reduce CS/H1N1-induced airway inflammation. Moreover, combined targeting of both IL-1α/IL-1ß might be more efficient compared to individual neutralization IL-1α or IL-1ß or inhibition of the IL-1R1.
